chegg quizz

 A college graduate examines her income and wealth in relation to others. She is interested in . a. Social differentiation b. Social stratification c. Social equality d. Social change

b. Social stratification

____ refers to the process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society. a. Social differentiation b. Social stratification c. Social inequality d. Social mobility

a. Social differentiation

The Smiths compare their wealth, income, and lifestyle to others in their neighborhood. Which of the following are they comparing? a. Life chances b. Ascribed statuses c. Achieved statuses d. Class systems

a. Life chances

People at a party are comparing clothing, automobiles, and personal possessions. They are comparing elements of . a. social class b. social status c. social standing d. social caste

a. social class

Which of these statements about social class is false? a. Social class may be observed in the everyday habit of a person. b. The social class one is born into has enormous consequences for one’s life. c. Social class is personal and individual, not social structural. d. Social class is major determinant of life chances.

c. Social class is personal and individual, not social structural.

Beth a sociology major is trying to determine what she owns and how much she owes in debt. From this she will be able to determine her . a. class position b. wealth c. income d. prestige

b. wealth

How is the measure of occupational prestige determined? a. Employers are asked how prestigious they believe their businesses are. b. Employees are asked to evaluate the prestige of their jobs. c. A nationwide sample of people are asked to evaluate a series of different jobs. d. Jobs are ranked according to how much they are paid.

c. A nationwide sample of people are asked to evaluate a series of different jobs.

Most of the wealth represented by the Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest people and families in the U.S. a. has been earned in the oil industry. b. is inherited. c. belongs to major athletes. d. is earned by an individual during their lifetime.

b. is inherited

The urban underclass differs from others among the lower class in a number of ways. Which of the following is not one of these reasons? a. The urban underclass have no means of economic support. b. The working poor are more likely to engage in illegal activities. c. The urban underclass is very likely to be dependent on public assistance programs. d. The urban underclass consists of mostly recent immigrants.

d. The urban underclass consists of mostly recent immigrants.

According to William Julius Wilson, the “underclass” is a. the result of structural transformations in the economy. b. the product of a welfare system that is so generous that going to work is not an attractive option. c. actually comprised of unemployed individuals from rural, more than urban, areas. d. mostly found in the suburbs of big cities.

a. the result of structural transformations in the economy.

According to Marxian conflict theory, as capitalism progresses a. the professional-managerial class will become part of the elite. b. many of those in the middle class will drop into the working class as they are pushed out of managerial jobs into working class jobs. c. corporate mergers will redistribute wealth from being in the hands of the few to society’s “have­nots.” d. the classes will become polarized with no overlap or mobility.

b. many of those in the middle class will drop into the working class as they are pushed out of managerial jobs into working class jobs.

The most important predictor of Bobby's class location is . a. his income b. his wealth c. his inheritance d. his debt

b. his wealth

In recent years, both the African American and Latino middle class have expanded because of a. increased access to education and middle-class occupations for people of color. b. increased intermarriage rates with White Anglos. c. legislation that has brought an end to de facto discrimination. d. a significant upturn in the U.S. economy during the past decade.

a. increased access to education and middle-class occupations for people of color.

In regards to the intersection of race and class, Black Americans a. in the middle class are not segregated from whites as are poorer Blacks. b. are more likely to be working class than are whites. c. are more likely to be middle class than working class. d. look more like Asian Americans that Whites.

b. are more likely to be working class than are whites.

Which of the following is true about the effects of gender on stratification? a. Based on their own income and education levels, most women would be considered middle-class b. The median income for women is far below the national median income level. c. When women have as much education as men, they have jobs that pay as well. d. Women are more likely than men to work in upper-middle class jobs.

b. The median income for women is far below the national median income level.

According to Weber, what is the relationship of the dimensions of stratification to each other? a. The economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification are usually related. b. A person’s social, political, and economic statuses are always consistent with each other. c. Political status is much more important in determining one’s position in the stratification system than are economic or social status. d. There is no relationship between the economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification.

a. The economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification are usually related.

. A politician describes inequality as a motivator of people to fill the different and necessary positions in society. He is using an example of . a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist theory d. social exchange theory

a. functionalist theory

Which of these statements best reflects the functionalist perspective on social inequality? a. The people with the most power set the rules to the benefit of themselves. b. Society is made up of various groups that are in constant struggle with each other over resources. c. The occupations that require the most training and involve the highest risk work are paid the highest. d. Some occupations are as important as others, but they do not receive as much pay because they tend to be occupied by women

c. The occupations that require the most training and involve the highest risk work are paid the highest.

According to the text, the great majority of the homeless are on the streets because of unemployment and/or   . a. substance abuse b. divorce c. poor mental health d. the lack of affordable housing

d. the lack of affordable housing

Research aimed at evaluating the culture of poverty argument has found that a. most of the poor are chronically poor, over several generations. b. a major event such as divorce, illness or death is often the cause for falling into poverty. c. the majority of the poor are poor throughout their entire lives. d. the poor are most often unemployed, regardless of their ability to work.

b. a major event such as divorce, illness or death is often the cause for falling into poverty.

Which of these statements regarding the restructuring of the U.S. economy is false? a. manufacturing jobs are disappearing b. fewer men are the sole support of their families c. new jobs being created are low-paid d. men are filling the newly created service positions, leaving women unemployed

d. men are filling the newly created service positions, leaving women unemployed

Current welfare policy was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act (PRWRA) in   . a. 1930 b. 1964 c. 1996 d. 2010

c. 1996

Evaluations of the welfare reform of 1996 (PRWRA) have found that a. the number of people receiving welfare has decreased. b. the amount of poverty in the U.S. has decreased. c. the wages earned in workfare programs are keeping women and their children out of poverty. d. fewer Americans are poor.

a. the number of people receiving welfare has decreased.

The “American Dream” is achievable for most Americans. a. True b. False

b. False

The middle class in the U.S. is expanding. a. True b. False

b. False

The most common way to become wealthy in the United States is to inherit wealth from one’s family. a. True b. False

a. True

Unlike Marx, Weber theorized that stratification had more than one dimension. a. True b. False

a. True

Countries that are partly industrialized but extract profits from poor countries to pass on to core countries are called . a. Third world countries b. Semi-peripheral countries c. Exploitative countries d. Core zones

b. Semi-peripheral countries

According to modernization theory, some countries are poor because: a. they have traditional values and institutions. b. they are agrarian countries. c. their government reinforces inequality. d. their population is too large.

a. they have traditional values and institutions.

A student examining dependency theory is interested in documenting which of the following? a. neocolonialism b. modernization c. how values shape development d. class struggles within developing nations

a. neocolonialism

The total volume of goods and services produced by a country each year, divided by the size of the population is called the . a. production index b. the net national product (NNP) c. per capita gross national income (per capita GNI) d. the consumer index

c. per capita gross national income (per capita GNI)

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the change in the governments of Eastern Europe, what changes have most of the second-world countries undergone? a. They now have democratically elected governments. b. They have moved toward a market economic system. c. They have returned to a more agricultural type of society. d. They have grown substantially in size.

b. They have moved toward a market economic system.

According to dependency theorists, multinational corporations a. play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor. b. are good for the domestic economies of less developed countries. c. provide a valuable market for raw materials for poor nations. d. alleviate some global inequality.

a. play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor.

World cities are those that are a. closely linked in a system of international commerce. b. the locations of most of the refugee camps in the world. c. the oldest cities in the world. d. benefited from multinational corporations.

a. closely linked in a system of international commerce.

Demographic statistics indicate that the world’s poorest countries have: a. the highest death rates and the lowest birth rates. b. the highest death rates and the highest birth rates. c. the lowest death rates and the highest birth rates. d. the lowest death rates and the lowest birth rates.

b. the highest death rates and the highest birth rates. 

Compared with other countries, the populations of the world’s richest countries are a. getting larger. b. younger. c. getting smaller. d. staying the same.

c. getting smaller.

Which of these is most likely to be a problem for the overall population of high-income countries? a. inadequate sewage system b. lack of access to clean water c. overproduction of greenhouse gas d. low-birth weight for newborns

c. overproduction of greenhouse gas

According to the text, global stratification a. has contributed to political instability and the threat of terrorism. b. creates a core group of strong nations able to ensure world peace. c. results in cooperation as countries work together to overcome poverty. d. has undermined the military power of wealthy nations.

a. has contributed to political instability and the threat of terrorism.

Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be divided economically into three levels. Those with the most power are the . a. core countries b. peripheral countries c. semiperipheral countries d. cornerstone nations

a. core countries

. During its early years of nationhood Brazil declared itself a “racial democracy.” What was the effect of this? a. Brazil does not have any racial problems, unlike other South American countries. b. People continue to be stratified according to their color. c. Separate parliaments exist for each of the several designated racial categories. d. Most of the leaders of Brazil have been Afro-Brazilian.

b. People continue to be stratified according to their color.

Modernization derives some of its thinking from the work of who argued that the value of individual achievement emphasized by Protestants promoted economic development during the Industrial Revolution. a. Emile Durkheim b. Herbert Spencer c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx

c. Max Weber

The control of poor countries by rich countries without the use of direct political or military involvement is referred to as . a. neocolonialism b. postmodernism c. postdependency d. neoimperialism

a. neocolonialism

Within world systems theory, the term for the network of production and labor processes by which a product becomes a finished commodity is . a. commodity chain b. manufacturing model c. division of labor d. product development route

a. commodity chain

Which of these statements about the world economic system is true? a. Everyone in core countries benefits from the world system. b. Low-wage sweat shops are found in all countries. c. No one in peripheral countries benefit from the world system. d. World systems theory no longer has any usefulness for understanding global inequality.

b. Low-wage sweat shops are found in all countries.

Most scholars of international development believe a. that fertility levels are affected by levels of industrialization. b. that there is no relationship between development and population. c. that large populations impede development. d. that agriculture affects fertility but industrialism does not.

a. that fertility levels are affected by levels of industrialization.

Which of these is most likely to be a problem for low-income countries? a. lack of a labor supply b. infant death due to dehydration c. overproduction of greenhouse gas d. an aging population

b. infant death due to dehydration

The World Bank warns that about of the world’s population will face severe water shortages by the year 2025. a. 5 percent b. one-fifth c. one-half d. two-thirds

c. one-half

Which of the following is false in regards to Western influence in the Middle East? a. Cultural influences are not connected in any way with stratification. b. Western influence is considered degenerate by some traditional leaders. c. Exposure to Western ways of life is a threat to traditional ways of life. d. The influence of Western culture has been pervasive.

a. Cultural influences are not connected in any way with stratification.

Newly industrializing countries (NICs), a. with large populations have not developed much. b. have shown rapid economic development. c. are located primarily in Africa. d. are the result of governmental, not individual, investments.

b. have shown rapid economic development.

Per capita GNI is reliable as a measure of wealth only in countries that are based on a cash economy. a. True b. False

a. True

The lower-income countries are poor because they lack natural resources. a. True b. False

false

Dependency theory recognizes the role that multinational corporations play in keeping dependent nations poor. a. True b. False

True

High fertility rates are related to the degree of women’s empowerment in society. a. True b. False

a. True

In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must a. look different than the members of other ethnic groups. b. speak the same language as other members of the group. c. share an identity they see as different from that of others in society. d. have a shared system of norms and values.

c. share an identity they see as different from that of others in society.

Which of these statements regarding the variability of a group’s ethnic identity is true? a. A group’s ethnic identity is constant; it does not change over time. b. Ethnic identity may form or is strengthened when a group is excluded from participation by more powerful social groups. c. Ethnic identity can only change when one changes their place of residence or marries someone of another ethnicity. d. Ethnic identity is always imposed involuntarily.

b. Ethnic identity may form or is strengthened when a group is excluded from participation by more powerful social groups.

Which of these statements regarding the racial system in Brazil is false? a. In Brazil a person is considered Black only if they have no discernible White ancestry. b. A person who might be considered Black in the U.S. would be considered white in Brazil if they had high socioeconomic status. c. Brazil has successfully created a nation in which there is no social inequality based on race. d. The racial system in Brazil is different from that of the U.S.

c. Brazil has successfully created a nation in which there is no social inequality based on race.

Ryan is assumed to be like all Lebanese people by a teacher. He is experiencing . a. a in-group homogeneity effect b. racial formation c. ethnicization d. out-group homogeneity effect

d. out-group homogeneity effect

When it comes to gender stereotypes, a. men are generally stereotyped more negatively than women. b. the same stereotypes are most often applied to both men and women. c. stereotypes about women are more negative than those about men. d. men are not subject to stereotyping.

c. stereotypes about women are more negative than those about men.

A traditional stereotype of African Americans is that they are inherently lazy. This stereotype has also been applied to Hispanics, Polish, and Irish groups. This is an example of . a. cultural relativism b. the principle of stereotype interchangeability c. ethnic inferiority d. retrospective determinism

b. the principle of stereotype interchangeability

In general, are likely to attribute poverty and lower class status to individual disposition or personality, while are more likely to attribute the cause of poverty to discrimination and lack of opportunity. a. lower-income people; middle-class people b. women; men c. middle-class people; lower-income people d. middle-class people; member of the upper class

c. middle-class people; lower-income people

A prejudiced person is likely to have: a. positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and positive attitudes toward members of an out- group. b. positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes toward members of an out- group. c. negative attitudes towards members of an in-group and positive attitudes toward members of an out- group. d. negative attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes toward members of an out- group.

b. positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes toward members of an out- group.

While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is . a. internal b. overt behavior c. hidden d. disposition

b. overt behavior

According to the text, there are different forms of racism. Overt, obvious racism, such as physical violence or the use of racial slurs is termed . a. aversive racism b. old-fashioned racism c. covert racism d. neo-racism

b. old-fashioned racism

Consistently avoiding contact with people of different races than one’s own would be considered an example of   , a. old-fashioned racism b. aversive racism c. neo-racism d. traditional racism

b. aversive racism

Which of the following is not an element of laissez-faire racism? a. subtle and persistent negative stereotyping b. a tendency to blame blacks for the gap in economic standing c. resistance to policy efforts to alleviate racially oppressive practices d. an inability to understand non-racist viewpoints ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.13.7 - 13. 2-2 TOPICS: Factual OTHER: PICKUP

d. an inability to understand non-racist viewpoints

Educational tracking and racial profiling are both examples of . a. color-blind racism b. institutional racism c. aversive racism d. Jim Crow racism

b. institutional racism 

The process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society is called . a. cultural relativism b. assimilation c. amalgamation d. cultural affiliation

b. assimilation

Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on the part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except: a. the parties interact on equal ground. b. the contact is sustained. c. social norms favoring equality are agreed upon by the participants. d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

The situation for women in society should be studied separately within each social class because differences between men and women are not the same in every racial or class group. This is an argument of the perspective. a. intersection b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. social exchange

a. intersection

At the time of their “discovery,” Native Americans had: a. a common language. b. heterogeneous cultures. c. suffered devastating diseases. d. shared values

b. heterogeneous cultures.

Central to the operation of slavery was the belief that: a. People can change castes. b. Human beings could be property. c. Domination of slavery did not involve the relationship between men and women. d. Individuals are less efficient than a whole society.

b. Human beings could be property.

A problem with the terms “Latino” and “Latina” is that they a. only refer to Mexican Americans and are not inclusive. b. refer only to Latin Americans in the U.S. for several generations. c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category. d. are not used by sociologists.

c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category.

The original entry of Mexican Americans into the U.S. was the result of a. military conquest. b. treaty terms negotiated at the end of the Spanish American War. c. flight from a repressive political regime. d. illegal migrations across the border into California and Texas.

a. military conquest.

When unemployment became very severe in Puerto Rico, during the early to mid-1970s the U.S. government responded by a. encouraging Puerto Ricans to migrate to the U.S. to find work. b. attempting to reduce the Puerto Rican population to the extent of promoting sterilization of women. c. providing more opportunities for millions of Puerto Ricans to obtain a college degree. d. banning further immigration from Puerto Rico.

b. attempting to reduce the Puerto Rican population to the extent of promoting sterilization of women.

Chinese immigrants began migrating to the U.S. in the mid-19th century because: a. they desired the “American Dream.” b. the Chinese government pushed them out. c. they were seeking religious freedom. d. the U.S. needed workers.

d. the U.S. needed workers.

The most recent Asian Americans to migrate to the U.S. have come from . a. China b. Japan c. the Philippines d. Laos and Cambodia

d. Laos and Cambodia

The 1913 Alien Land Law of California limited ownership and prohibited land from being inherited. This law was aimed at preventing from establishing themselves in the U.S. a. Mexican b. Japanese c. Chinese d. Irish

b. Japanese

The largest concentration of Koreans in the U.S. today is located in a. San Francisco. b. Los Angeles. c. Washington, D.C. d. New York.

b. Los Angeles.

Which of these countries was made a commonwealth of the U.S.? a. Mexico b. Philippines c. Korea d. Vietnam

b. Philippines

William Julius Wilson believes the cause of the emergence of an urban underclass is a. the “culture of poverty.” b. prejudice and racism. c. economic and social structural deficits in society. d. too much immigration from some areas.

c. economic and social structural deficits in society.

The generally held primary objection to Affirmative Action is a. that it has not been effective. b. the use of quotas. c. it doesn’t go far enough to equalize education. d. the fact that it doesn’t apply to the private sector.

b. the use of quotas.

The creation of racial categories is a biological process. a. True b. False

b. False

The income gap between Black and Hispanic families and Whites has remained virtually unchanged since 1967. a. True b. False

a. True

According to conflict theory, frequent interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice within both groups. a. True b. False

b. False

The assimilation perspective is still prominent in U.S. sociological thought. a. True b. False

a. True

The purpose of the National Origins Quota Act was to make national immigration policy more equitable across all groups. a. True b. False

b. False

Studies have shown that Blacks admitted to selective colleges and universities under affirmative action programs reveal high rates of social and economic success after graduation. a. True b. False

a. True

Gail is arguing that women are more hormonal and men are more aggressive. She is using which of the following arguments? a. Social constructionist. b. Biological determinism. c. Gender Socialization. d. Intersexed.

b. Biological determinism.

Which of the following statements is false? a. Sex refers to biological identity, male or female. b. Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex. c. Gender is a more important concept to sociologists than sex. d. The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.

d. The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.

Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of: a. the expectations of others. b. the strong role of biology. c. the changing nature of gender. d. socialization.

a. the expectations of others.

percent of women are in the paid labor force; percent of men are in the paid labor force. a. 77; 40 b. 60; 72 c. 40; 90 d. 72; 60

b. 60; 72

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 a. requires married fathers to be paid more than unmarried men. b. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work. c. requires companies to pay men and women equally within the company. d. requires education and experience to be the only factors used to determine pay.

b. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.

Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as: a. gender socialization. b. overt gendering. c. doing gender. d. matriarchy.

c. doing gender.

is unusual in that there is far greater sharing of household responsibilities than in most other nations. a. Japan b. China c. Britain d. the United States

b. China 

Which of these statements about the differences between men and women, as discussed in the introduction to the chapter, is false? a. Men earn 23 percent more than women. b. Men are more likely than women to die a violent death. c. Men interrupt others in conversation more often than women. d. Men live longer than women.

d. Men live longer than women.

When an individual is born with both male and female biological sex characteristics, this is referred to as . a. intersexed b. fetal sex differentiation c. transgenderation d. bisexual variation

a. intersexed

What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender? a. gender apartheid b. gender roles c. gender stratification d. gender assignation

c. gender stratification

Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society? a. Work is highly segregated according to sex. b. Women have access to education. c. Women’s work is central to the economy. d. Men make a contribution to household responsibilities.

a. Work is highly segregated according to sex.

In the primary labor market a. there is a high turnover rate and low wages. b. jobs are relatively stable, wages are good, and there are ample opportunities for advancement. c. women and racial-ethnic minorities are more likely to be employed than in the secondary labor market. d. jobs are short-lived and workers suffer poor work conditions.

b. jobs are relatively stable, wages are good, and there are ample opportunities for advancement.

How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women? a. Women experience overt discrimination. b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages. c. Women’s work is devalued in comparison with men’s. d. Women have less power than do men.

b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.

A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that a. functionalism is a macrosociological perspective and conflict theory is not. b. conflict theory recognizes the role of gender within the social structure and functionalism does not. c. conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender. d. functionalism advocates for change more than conflict theory.

c. conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender.

When Bob deviates from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender he is . a. transgendered b. hermaphrodites c. sexually differentiated d. pansexuals

a. transgendered

Gender socialization a. only affects men and women in their relationships with others. b. is consistent and uniform for all men and women. c. influences all aspects of society and daily life. d. may be completely avoided if a person is conscious of it.

c. influences all aspects of society and daily life.

When Jake adheres to traditional male gender roles he is more likely to: a. ignore gender roles b. take risks and produce physical daring c. become gender neutral d. none of the above

b. take risks and produce physical daring 

How is homophobia related to gender socialization? a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations. b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism. c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated. d. Research on homophobia indicates that the “social construction of gender” is a myth.

a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.

Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages a. as created by the different occupations men and women work in. b. by taking into consideration women’s tendency to drop out of the workforce in order to have children. c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers. d. as being overstated.

c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers.

What does the text conclude about the causes of inequality in wages between men and women? a. Human capital is the best explanation of the wage gap. b. Wage inequality is the result of multiple factors that operate together to put women at a disadvantage. c. Dual labor market theory offers the best explanation for unequal wages. d. Overt discrimination is the best explanation for the gender wage gap.

b. Wage inequality is the result of multiple factors that operate together to put women at a disadvantage.

Studies have found that lesbian women are more likely to be open about their sexual identity at work when they a. work in occupations traditionally defined as “men’s work.” b. work predominantly with other women and have women as bosses. c. become the targets of sexual harassment. d. are stereotyped as lesbian and have their “true gender identity” questioned.

b. work predominantly with other women and have women as bosses.

According to , men and women fill complementary gender roles and this arrangement benefits society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. social control theory

a. functionalism

has radically altered the opportunities available to women athletes and laid the foundation for many of the coeducational programs that are now an ordinary part of college life. a. Title IX b. Affirmative action legislation c. Comparable worth legislation d. The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision

a. Title IX

Children’s books are the one area within which gender roles have become very equal or disappeared. a. True b. False

b. False

Homophobia refers to a fear and hatred of homosexuals. a. True b. False

a. True

Both human capital theory and dual labor market theory focus on the characteristics of the individual in order to explain the gender gap in wages. a. True b. False

b. False

Radical feminists think that change cannot come about through the existing system since it is controlled and dominated by men. a. True b. False

a. True

Cultural norms may be a factor that put women at risk of being victims of violence. a. True b. False

a. True

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or sex. a. True b. False

a. True

Which of the following is an accurate statement? a. There is significant evidence for a biological basis for sexual orientation. b. There is significant evidence for a social basis for sexual identity. c. There is some evidence for a biological basis and some evidence for a social basis for sexual orientation. d. There is no evidence for a social basis for sexual identity.

b. There is significant evidence for a social basis for sexual identity.

The refers to the widespread changes in men’s and women’s roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development. a. feminist movement b. sexual revolution c. eugenics movement d. gender revolution

b. sexual revolution

The American Psychological Association defines sexualization as including any of the following conditions, except: a. People are judged primarily on sexual appeal or behavior. b. Physical attractiveness is equated with being “sexy.” c. People are objectified and have sexuality inappropriately imposed on them. d. Children are involved in sexual activity more than what would traditionally be considered appropriate.

d. Children are involved in sexual activity more than what would traditionally be considered appropriate.

Which of the following trends is Miranda being affected by when she buys her daughter a doll in a sexy outfit? a. The commercialization of sex b. Heterosexualism c. Pornography d. Homphobia

a. The commercialization of sex

John is engaging in heterosexism. Which of the following does he believe? a. the assumption that heterosexuality is deviant. b. the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only legitimate sexual orientation. c. the systematic denial of rights to homosexuals. d. the weakening of social norms related to sexual orientation.

b. the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only legitimate sexual orientation.

When a researcher starts with the premise that sexuality is socially defined he or she is assuming   . a. sexual orientation is always changing for everyone b. social context establishes what social relationships mean c. sexual identity is always fixed d. sexual identity is a social reality only

b. social context establishes what social relationships mean

The law dictates who is permitted to legally marry, and the media influence attitudes toward sexuality. From a sociological perspective these examples demonstrate that a. social institutions play a large role in directing human sexuality. b. people are unable to think for themselves when it comes to sexuality. c. in the U.S. there is general consensus on what is appropriate sexual behavior. d. sexual scripts in the U.S. are more conservative than in other countries.

a. social institutions play a large role in directing human sexuality.

Sociological research on sexual practices a. has been extensive. b. has focused more on attitudes than actual practices. c. is fairly easy to do because American society is so fixated on sexuality. d. is more expensive than other types of research.

b. has focused more on attitudes than actual practices.

Queer theory a. views only one type of sexuality as normal. b. interprets society as forcing dichotomous sexual boundaries on people. c. sees homosexuality as fixed in biology. d. blames social institutions for a social misunderstanding of sexuality.

b. interprets society as forcing dichotomous sexual boundaries on people.

Teenage pregnancy correlates strongly with all of the following, except: a. poverty b. joblessness c. lower educational attainment d. marriage

d. marriage

From a sociological perspective, sex a. is a strictly private matter. b. is rooted in social norms, values, and institutions. c. should be limited to people who are married. d. is completely natural behavior.

b. is rooted in social norms, values, and institutions.

What is the relationship between the concepts of sexual orientation and sexual identity? a. Sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual; sexual identity develops within a social context. b. Sexual identity is biological; sexual orientation is socially constructed. c. They mean essentially the same thing. d. One’s sexual orientation determines one’s sexual identity.

a. Sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual; sexual identity develops within a social context.

When discussing sexuality with individuals from previous generations college students often find that sexual attitudes: a. remain the same overtime b. are difficult to document c. are often easy to talk about d. change and fluctuate over time

d. change and fluctuate over time

According to theory, norms that restrict sex to marriage encourage the formation of families. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. social exchange

a. functionalist

The social construction of sexual identities is explained by . a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. symbolic interaction theory d. social control theory

c. symbolic interaction theory

. From a symbolic interactionist perspective a. sexual practices are the result of complementary gender roles in society. b. sexual identity and practices are explained by the social organization of society. c. social approval and taboos influence what is considered permissible. d. differences in power define what types of sexual behavior is acceptable.

c. social approval and taboos influence what is considered permissible.

Having casual sexual relations, from kissing to sexual intercourse, without any commitment has been termed   . a. the double standard b. hooking up c. gender bending d. making out

b. hooking up

The group most vulnerable to sexual exploitation is . a. poor women and women of color b. working-class women c. middle-class women d. women who don’t work outside the home

a. poor women and women of color

The introduction of queer theory a. has strengthened the boundaries between homosexuality and heterosexuality identity. b. furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexual expression. c. challenges the belief that there can be multiple types of sexual identity. d. has not had any impact on how sexual identity is understood.

b. furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexual expression.

The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexual activity is termed . a. sex trafficking b. sex tourism c. sex capitalism d. international sexism

b. sex tourism

Research on gay and lesbian relationships has found that a. they generally include a dominant and submissive role. b. the quality of the relationship is better when the couple receives social support. c. there is more inequality in gay and lesbian relationships than in heterosexual relationships. d. they experience more unemployment than in heterosexual relationships.

b. the quality of the relationship is better when the couple receives social support.

The availability of legal birth control a. has always been extended to married and unmarried people equally. b. is a relatively recently acquired right. c. has generally been controlled by women who are most likely to use it. d. is widespread for all forms, without the need for a prescription.

b. is a relatively recently acquired right.

Which of the following statements is false in regards to abortion? a. The rate of abortion has declined since 1980. b. The majority of women having abortions are already mothers. c. Black women are more likely to have abortions than White women. d. Public support for abortion has been steadily declining over the past 20 years. Which of the following statements is false in regards to abortion? a. The rate of abortion has declined since 1980. b. The majority of women having abortions are already mothers. c. Black women are more likely to have abortions than White women. d. Public support for abortion has been steadily declining over the past 20 years.

d. Public support for abortion has been steadily declining over the past 20 years

The American Psychological Association reports that sexualization primarily affects which of these groups? a. young girls b. young boys c. adult women d. adult men

a. young girls

According to researchers, teenagers who have sex are a. likely to delay using contraceptives until several months after they become sexually active. b. likely to not use condoms. c. likely to marry when they become pregnant. d. less likely to use the birth control pill than other forms of contraception.

a. likely to delay using contraceptives until several months after they become sexually active.

From a sociological perspective, sexual behavior is purely natural. a. True b. False

b. False

Sexual and reproductive behavior is shaped by public policy. a. True b. False

a. True

Americans are more conservative than western Europeans when it comes to the issue of having sex before marriage. a. True b. False

a. True

In general, teens are having sex at earlier and earlier ages. a. True b. False

b. False

Conflict theorists see sexuality as part of the power relations and economic inequality in society. a. True b. False

a. True

Virginity pledges have been an effective way of preventing teen pregnancy. a. True b. False

b. False

The double standard expects that men are more sexually active than women. a. True b. False

a. True

Women of all social classes and races are equally likely to be victimized by sexual violence and exploitation. a. True b. False

b. False

Although it is difficult to study, it appears that the Internet has had little real impact on sexual behavior in the U.S. a. True b. False

b. False

How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way? a. Some people seem to just naturally have negative feelings about others who are not like them. b. Children are rarely prejudiced until they enter school and are influenced into prejudice by their peers. c. Socialization into prejudiced attitudes occurs in the family, as well as through the media and peers. d. Deviant individuals are more likely to be prejudiced than conforming individuals.

c. Socialization into prejudiced attitudes occurs in the family, as well as through the media and peers.

Research on socialization into prejudiced attitudes indicates that a. children tend to be free of prejudice until around the ages of 9 or 10 years old. b. there is a close correlation between the racial and ethnic attitudes of parents and those of their children. c. children and young adults who believe they can think for themselves are able to avoid taking on their parents racial or other prejudices. d. most people today are unaffected by parental prejudices since the media has become so important.

b. there is a close correlation between the racial and ethnic attitudes of parents and those of their children.

Research on discrimination in housing has found that a. discrimination in housing is less important than other forms of discrimination. b. when two people of different races apply as tenants for the same housing both are equally likely to be accepted or turned down. c. members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing in situations in which a White person is not. d. reverse discrimination, or discrimination toward a White person is equally as common as discrimination against minority group members.

c. members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing in situations in which a White person is not.

Which of these statements about economic inequality is true? a. The gap between the income of Whites and the income of Blacks and Hispanics has remained unchanged since 1967. b. The median income of Blacks and Hispanics has remained very flat since the 1950s. c. Although still unequal, per capita income for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics has been growing at the same rate since 1967. d. There is little data on the relative incomes of Whites and members of minority groups.

a. The gap between the income of Whites and the income of Blacks and Hispanics has remained unchanged since 1967.

Measurements of economic inequality indicate that a. the income gap between Blacks and Whites has closed in recent years. b. net worth among all groups is now relatively equal. c. the poverty rate is higher for Blacks and Hispanics than it is for Whites and Asians. d. poverty among members of racial minority groups has been increasing since the 1960s.

c. the poverty rate is higher for Blacks and Hispanics than it is for Whites and Asians.

Re-drawing the boundaries of school districts and election districts in order to maintain racial segregation is called . a. gerrymandering b. redlining c. outsourcing d. out-lining

a. gerrymandering

As a result of gerrymandering, remains a problem in the U.S. a. economic inequality b. residential segregation c. racism d. the digital racial divide

b. residential segregation

Sociologists find that racism a. is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior. b. is limited to individual behavior. c. involves actions, not attitudes. d. has practically disappeared in the U.S. since Barack Obama was elected president.

a. is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior.

Holding the belief that one does not notice racial differences, and that discussing race only perpetuates racism, would be considered . a. old-fashioned racism b. traditional racism c. color-blind racism d. institutional racism

c. color-blind racism 

Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered . a. traditional racism b. aversive racism c. color-blind racism d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism

d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism

If an administrator engages in institutional racism he or she is is able to apply which of the following? a. party b. class c. power d. prestige

c. power

Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination? a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others. b. A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section. c. Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn’t even notice the color of her students’ skin. d. A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin.

a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others.

is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration. a. Contact theory b. Scapegoat theory c. Pluralist frustration theory d. Functionalist theory

b. Scapegoat theory

According to a fairly old psychological theory of prejudice and racism, the tendency to rigidly categorize other people, to rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity is part of a(n) . a. authoritarian personality b. repressed personality c. subordinate personality d. stereotypic personality

a. authoritarian personality

The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society members of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory? a. conflict theory b. functionalist theory c. symbolic interactionism d. authoritarian personality

b. functionalist theory

Contact theory argues that under certain conditions interactions between Whites and members of minority groups will reduce prejudice within both groups. This theory is a type of theory. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. social exchange

c. symbolic interactionist

Which theory argues that race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories? a. functionalist theory b. social conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

c. symbolic interaction theory

In the debate over whether class or race are more important as the source of inequality, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that a. the disadvantaged status of minority groups is more a matter of race than class. b. ignoring skin color and cultural differences is the only way to solve the country’s problems of racism. c. changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life chances of different groups. d. the social construction of race is a myth.

c. changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life chances of different groups.

The view that race intersects with class to shape one’s experience in the social structure is a perspective related to . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

b. conflict theory

The perspective that argues that minority groups’ life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called . a. functionalism b. the intersection perspective c. social interactionism d. social exchange theory

b. the intersection perspective

According to , social change is a slow and gradual process. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

a. functionalism

believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms of resistance to oppression. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Social exchange theorists

b. Conflict theorists

Understanding race and ethnicity as social constructions is a significant contribution of . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

c. symbolic interaction theory

Which of these statements regarding the position of Native Americans in this country is false? a. Native American populations were devastated by European diseases from which they had no immunity b. Only about one-fourth of Native Americans live on or near reservations today. c. Historical accounts have underrepresented the vast cultural and social heterogeneity of tribes prior to European conquest. d. Today Native Americans have the highest poverty rate of any group in the U.S.

b. Only about one-fourth of Native Americans live on or near reservations today.

Which of these statements regarding the slavery system and the position of African Americans in the U.S. is true? a. Enslaved Africans passively accepted their positions as slaves. b. The Emancipation Proclamation marked the end of the economic exploitation of enslaved Blacks in southern agriculture. c. The northern migration of Blacks from the South to the North in the U.S. only served to worsen conditions due to the creation of urban ghettos. d. Pieces of the slavery system remain in the U.S. today.

d. Pieces of the slavery system remain in the U.S. today.

Which of these statements is true about the status of Puerto Rico relative to the U.S.? a. Puerto Rico is a state in the United States of America. b. Puerto Rico is a colony of the U.S. c. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth with its own constitution. d. Puerto Rico has no formal relationship with the U.S.

c. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth with its own constitution.

Which of the following is not considered a Latino group? a. Puerto Ricans b. Cubans c. Mexicans d. Hawaiians

d. Hawaiians

  created a class system within the Chicano community. a. Capitalism b. Wealth being concentrated in the hands of a few ranchers c. Slavery d. A social structure of exclusion

b. Wealth being concentrated in the hands of a few ranchers

The Jones Act of 1917 a. banned further immigration from Puerto Rico. b. extended U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans. c. closed the border with Mexico. d. permitted Cubans to enter following the Cuban Revolution.

b. extended U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.

Operation Bootstrap was launched after WWII to attract U.S. corporations to Puerto Rico. What was the overall outcome of Operation Bootstrap? a. rapid overall growth in the Puerto Rican economy b. reduced unemployment in Puerto Rico c. significantly higher wages for workers d. decreased wages for both Puerto Ricans and U.S. workers

a. rapid overall growth in the Puerto Rican economy

The 125,000 Cubans who entered the U.S. in 1980 during the “Mariel boat lift,” were largely . a. professionals b. skilled workers c. persons considered by the Cuban government as “undesirable” d. middle class and college educated

c. persons considered by the Cuban government as “undesirable”

Like other immigrant groups, Middle Eastern immigrants . a. spoke primarily English upon their arrival b. formed ethnic enclaves c. have very high poverty rates d. were of higher classes than most Americans

b. formed ethnic enclaves

The group collectively referred to as White Anglo­Saxon Protestants (WASPS) who settled in the “New World” did not include the . a. English b. Irish c. Scotch d. Welsh

b. Irish

More than of the world’s Jewish population lives in the United States. a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 40 percent d. 50 percent

c. 40 percent 

Which of these countries has the largest population of Jews? a. the U.S. b. Israel c. Poland d. Russia

a. the U.S

Anti-Semitism is the term for a. hatred of people of other races. b. fear and hatred of foreigners. c. hatred of Jewish people. d. hatred of Arab people.

c. hatred of Jewish people.

The National Origins Quota Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants a. to the percentage equal to the numbers already in the U.S. b. from Mexico and Central America. c. who were Jewish. d. who could enter the U.S. on temporary working visas.

a. to the percentage equal to the numbers already in the U.S.

In order to limit the number of immigrants, the U.S. government did all of the following, except: a. created ethnic quotas that limited the number of immigrants from places other than western and northern Europe. b. subjected potential immigrants to literacy tests. c. applied I.Q. tests in English to immigrants who were not English-speaking. d. literally closed doors to keep immigrants out of the U.S.

d. literally closed doors to keep immigrants out of the U.S.

Persons with the perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minority person needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible. a. assimilation b. acculturalist c. cultural pluralism d. blending

a. assimilation

A problem with the assimilation model of analysis of group relationships is that it a. takes no account of the time that it takes certain groups to assimilate. b. places too much emphasis on the different histories of Black and White immigrants to this country. c. places too much emphasis on the salience of skin color as a factor affecting the assimilation process. d. focuses too much attention on the social class of the immigrants.

a. takes no account of the time that it takes certain groups to assimilate.

Which of these is not a criticism of the assimilation model? a. It does not consider the amount of time that it may take some groups to assimilate. b. It fails to recognize that the histories of Blacks and Whites in this country have been very different and have long-lasting effect. c. It ignores the fact that immigrants entering the U.S. at different times have faced very different economic conditions and demands for labor. d. It does not account for language barriers between groups.

d. It does not account for language barriers between groups.

A Latino family lives in a neighborhood with only other Latino families. This is referred to as . a. Cultural amalgamation b. Hypersegregation c. Cultural accommodation d. Cultural co-optation

b. Hypersegregation

When an Amish family maintains its traditions in America it is an example of . a. assimilation b. cultural pluralism c. integration d. amalgamation

b. cultural pluralism

Which of these statements about segregation in the U.S. is true? a. De jure segregation still exists. b. De facto segregation still exists. c. There is very little segregation in the U.S. today. d. Segregation is more vital today than in the past.

b. De facto segregation still exists.

William Julius Wilson rejects the explanation in favor of a social/economic explanation of racial differences. a. Moynihan b. culture of poverty c. cultural deficiencies d. inner city

b. culture of poverty

The major force behind the most progressive social change in race relations in the U.S. was a. an upturn is the economy during the 1960s and 1970s. b. the Civil Rights Movement. c. the end of the “Cold War.” d. the “Bakke decision” ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court.

b. the Civil Rights Movement.

The Civil Rights Movement a. was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi. b. was the first movement working for the rights of African Americans in the U.S. c. was originally motivated by the establishment of Affirmative Action legislation. d. was large but ineffective.

a. was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi.

The landmark Supreme Court case that established that “separate but equal” was unconstitutional was . a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Roe v. Wade c. Brown v. Board of Education d. none of these

c. Brown v. Board of Education

The Black power movement of the late 1960s a. rejected assimilation. b. recognized the institutional power that Whites had over Blacks. c. advocated separatism, under the leadership of Malcolm X. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Research indicates that Blacks who have been admitted to selective colleges and universities under affirmative action programs a. later dropped out in large numbers because they were unqualified. b. completed their degrees without any significant achievement. c. had high rates of social and economic success after graduation. d. were not told they were enrolled under affirmative action guidelines.

c. had high rates of social and economic success after graduation.

Ethnic identity emerges and changes depending upon the social circumstances. a. True b. False

a. True

People considered as the same race may have different ethnic identities. a. True b. False

a. True

The U.S. Census allows individuals to identify their own race. a. True b. False

a. True

Different groups use different criteria to define racial groups. a. True b. False

a. True

Racial formation is a process undertaken by the most powerful groups in any particular society. a. True b. False

a. True

Ethnic and racial groups are always considered minority groups. a. True b. False

b. False

In the Middle East race is a salient characteristic that takes priority over religion. a. True b. False

b. False

The salient characteristics used for perceiving race are culturally determined. a. True b. False

a. True

Stereotypes about women tend to be more negative than stereotypes about men. a. True b. False

a. True

After World War II, the media played a role in laissez-faire racism. a. True b. False

a. True

From a sociological perspective someone who says that they do not notice other people’s race may still be considered racist. a. True b. False

a. True

Members of the dominant group must be intentionally prejudiced and discriminating in order to have power over members of a minority group. a. True b. False

b. False

The primary cause of racial inequality in the U.S. is prejudice. a. True b. False

b. False

Conflict theory addresses how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. a. True b. False

b. False

Native Americans have a low poverty rate in the United States, due to their economic recovery over the last 30 years. a. True b. False

b. False

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was an openly racist act that had been preceded by extensive violence toward the Chinese. a. True b. False

a. True

More than 40 percent of the world’s Jewish population lives in the United States today. a. True b. False

a. True

WASPs have been a dominant group in American society since Colonial times. a. True b. False

a. True

The Supreme Court decision that ruled “separate but equal” unconstitutional was Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. a. True b. False

a. True

Hispanics have the least Internet access of all racial groupsa. True b. False

b. False

The scapegoat theory of prejudice suggests that prejudice originates when groups direct their frustrations about their own social and economic difficulties at members of minority groups. a. True b. False

a. True

The Civil Rights movement has little influence on the rights of women, disabled people, the aged and other groups. a. True b. False

b. False

Negative prejudice toward another group is often accompanied by positive prejudice in favor of one's own group. a. True b. False

a. True

Traditional racism is declining in society. a. True b. False

a. True

If Beth decides to become a man she would most likely see which of the following happen? a. A gain in income, power, and social standing. b. A loss in income, power, and social standing. c. Little change in social standing d. A gain of income by 50 percent.

a. A gain in income, power, and social standing. 

The example of the Navajo berdaches serves to illustrate what concept? a. biological determinism b. hermaphroditism c. social construction of gender d. gender stratification

c. social construction of gender

When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except: a. any religion interpreted in a fundamentalist way may be oppressive to women. b. the most devout believers of any faith tend to have the most traditional beliefs about the proper roles for men and women. c. both Christian and Islamic women have organized to resist sexist practices. d. Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.

d. Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.

In school, children learn knowledge and skills, as well as gender roles. Schools are: a. gendered institutions. b. gendered apartheid. c. discriminatory institutions. d. patriarchal systems.

a. gendered institutions.

Gender stratification is supported by: a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature. b. individual sexism, not institutional sexism. c. the matriarchal structure of our society. d. norms and values encouraging gender equality.

a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature.

The Minangkabau society in Indonesia is one where women have power over men. The Minangkabau is an example of a/n society. a. patriarchal b. matriarchal c. sexist d. apartheid

b. matriarchal

Today, women make up 97% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of: a. overt discrimination. b. sex stratification. c. patriarchy. d. occupational segregation.

d. occupational segregation.

Which of the following statements is true regarding work and family life? a. Men, but not women, have increased the number of work hours over the past several decades. b. The expectations of men in the home have decreased over time. c. Men are more involved in family life than in the past. d. Women are moving away from the labor force for the first time in many years.

c. Men are more involved in family life than in the past.

Anita believes that the oppression of women is based on the capitalist economy. Anita is a: a. liberal feminist b. functionalist c. conflict theorist d. socialist feminist

d. socialist feminist

The United Nations estimates that the value of women’s unpaid work amounts to at least . a. $800 billion b. $11 trillion c. $50 billion d. $140 trillion

b. $11 trillion

The Equal Rights Amendment: a. was passed in 1918. b. was passed in 1963. c. will be passed in 2012. d. has not been passed.

d. has not been passed.

When a child learns social expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female, s/he is engaging in the process of addressing: a. sexuality b. role playing c. gender d. sex

c. gender

Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes a. the different gender roles found in different countries. b. the lack of gender variability generally. c. studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits. d. the common gender expectations across all social classes.

a. the different gender roles found in different countries.

Substantial differences in the construction of gender may exist in all of the following, except: a. across social classes. b. between subcultures within a single society. c. among different racial and ethnic groups. d. within a single individual.

d. within a single individual.

Research on biological determinism has found that a. a strong correlation exists between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels. b. changes in testosterone levels predict changes in levels of men’s aggression. c. there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood. d. children born with mixed biological sex characteristics are more aggressive than other children.

c. there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood.

In biological terms, the combination of an X and a Y chromosome establishes a person’s sex as . a. female b. male c. hermaphrodite d. transgender

b. male

In general, men and women differ physically from each other in all of the following ways, except a. men tend to have a lower resting heart rate. b. women tend to have lower blood pressure. c. men tend to have greater muscle density. d. women have greater endurance than men.

d. women have greater endurance than men.

In order to address the complex causes behind an individual's identity, sociologists emphasize: a. sex only. b. gender only. c. both sex and gender. d. neither sex nor gender.

c. both sex and gender.

When an individuals look back on their lives, is/are most likely the most important influence on their gender socialization. a. parents b. peers c. teachers d. religion

a. parents

Research on socialization during childhood has found that a. boys and men are featured in children’s books more often than girls and women. b. toys for both boys and girls today tend to promote cooperation rather than aggression or competition. c. girls are encouraged to play outdoors as much as boys are. d. gender is likely not formed until adolescence.

a. boys and men are featured in children’s books more often than girls and women.

When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about: a. gender equality. b. gender differences. c. female dominance. d. conservative sex differences.

b. gender differences.

When Bob assumes all women should have the same status and behave in the same way his expectations about gender: a. Only influences females. b. Only influences males. c. Influences both males and females. d. Positively influences males

c. Influences both males and females.

In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike? a. both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented b. both are equally likely to view work as an expected part of a woman’s role c. socialization for both places a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency and independence d. gender conformity is strongly encouraged for both.

a. both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented

When a society excludes women from institutions in that society, it is practicing: a. religious sexism b. theological patriarchy c. economic segregation d. gender apartheid

d. gender apartheid

Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap? a. Men and women have different levels of prior experience and training. b. Men and women tend to be employed in different types of occupations. c. Women are discriminated against in employment and in wages. d. Women and men have been affected differently by legislation.

d. Women and men have been affected differently by legislation.

Martha works in a female dominated occupation and makes less than most men in the labor market. Her lower pay can be explained by . a. differences in human capital b. a dual labor market c. differential association d. the existence of a power elite

b. a dual labor market

Which of the following is an example of a primary labor market job? a. seasonal work b. retail sales c. a corporate management position d. a waiter or waitress

c. a corporate management position

Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation? a. Most women work in occupations that have roughly equal numbers of male and female employees. b. Men are concentrated in fewer occupations that women are. c. The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay. d. Legislation has had little effect on gender segregation.

c. The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay.

Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women’s employment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false? a. Sociologists see sexual harassment as a means that men use to protect their power in the workplace. b. Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women. c. Women in traditionally male-dominated jobs experience the most harassment. d. Men’s preserving of their advantage in the workplace is evidence that women are viewed as sex objects.

b. Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women.

Gender segregation in occupations a. is not very prevalent, although it does exist. b. tends to disadvantage men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations. c. reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women. d. advantages the most experienced women over men.

c. reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.

Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of “doing gender”? a. It ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society. b. It focuses too much on race and class-based gender differences. c. It does not allow for social change. d. It encourages radical changes within society.

a. It ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society.

Attitudes toward gender roles have changed so that today a. only 10 percent of men think that one parent should stay at home while the other is working. b. both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household. c. women no longer believe they will be discriminated against in employment. d. men and women both agree that gender discrimination should be illegal.

b. both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household

Gender expectations begin to influence how children are treated a. from the moment of birth. b. after eighteen months of age. c. at three years of age. d. when they reach preschool age.

a. from the moment of birth.

According to the concept of biological determinism a. the physiology of any person may be manipulated in order to alter that person’s sex. b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics. c. the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg and the sperm meet during human reproduction. d. the interplay of culture and biology is what makes shapes human behavior.

b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics.

The condition that has generally been called hermaphroditism is now often termed being . a. transgendered b. intersexed c. transsexual d. dichotomized

b. intersexed