Terms in this set (21)
• Preindustrial societies: the birth of inequality- hunting and gathering societies had a subsistence economy. With no excess to accumulate, everybody owned as much or as little as everyone else. Human groups grew larger, and for the first time in history, it was no longer necessary for everyone to work at producing food. They fostered social inequality, for some people accumulated more possessions than others. The plow brought agricultural societies. Trade expanded and developed. As power passed from the heads of families and lans tia ruling elite, social, political, and economic inequalities grew.
• Industrial societies- steam engine ushered in industrial societies. Created a surplus unlike anything the world had seen, and stiulated trade among nations and brought even greater social inequality. As the surplus grew even greater, the emphasis changed-from producing goods to consuming htem. Conspicuous consumption-described the change in peoples orientations. Weber-emphasis on hard work, savings and a concern for salvation was being replaced with an eagerness to show off wealth by the "elaborate consumption of goods"
• Postindustrial societies: the birth of the information age-six characteristics, a service sector so large that most people work in it, a vast surplus of goods, even more extensive trade among nations, a wider variety and quality of goods available to the average person, an information explosion, and a global village (the worlds nations are linked by fast communications, transportation, and trade.
• Biotech societies: the merger of biology and economics- ushered in by advances in biology, especially the deciphering of the human genome system. The marriage of biology and economics should yield even greater surpluses and more extensive rade. May allow us to lead longer and healthier lives, its effects in inequality between the nations are likely to be spotty. Some poorer nations may be able to important the new technology and developed their economics, while others remain in poverty.
• Characteristics- (new sources of energy, centralization for work in factories, manufacturing and mass production, specialization, wage labor
• Gold standard in early days (ft nox)
• Paper money with no gold exchange-flat money-paper not backed by stored value, inferior metals replaced coins
• Checks-type of deposit receipt
• Inflation-government issues currency at higher rate that
• Industrial societies- steam engine ushered in industrial societies. Created a surplus unlike anything the world had seen, and stiulated trade among nations and brought even greater social inequality. As the surplus grew even greater, the emphasis changed-from producing goods to consuming htem. Conspicuous consumption-described the change in peoples orientations. Weber-emphasis on hard work, savings and a concern for salvation was being replaced with an eagerness to show off wealth by the "elaborate consumption of goods"
• Postindustrial societies: the birth of the information age-six characteristics, a service sector so large that most people work in it, a vast surplus of goods, even more extensive trade among nations, a wider variety and quality of goods available to the average person, an information explosion, and a global village (the worlds nations are linked by fast communications, transportation, and trade.
• Biotech societies: the merger of biology and economics- ushered in by advances in biology, especially the deciphering of the human genome system. The marriage of biology and economics should yield even greater surpluses and more extensive rade. May allow us to lead longer and healthier lives, its effects in inequality between the nations are likely to be spotty. Some poorer nations may be able to important the new technology and developed their economics, while others remain in poverty.
• Characteristics- (new sources of energy, centralization for work in factories, manufacturing and mass production, specialization, wage labor
• Gold standard in early days (ft nox)
• Paper money with no gold exchange-flat money-paper not backed by stored value, inferior metals replaced coins
• Checks-type of deposit receipt
• Inflation-government issues currency at higher rate that
• Three essential features of capitalism- Private ownership of the means of production (indviduals own the land, machines, and factories), Market competition (competing with one another, the ownderes decide what to produce and set the prices for their products), and the Pursuit of profit (the owners try to sell their products for more than they cost).
• Laissez-faire capitalism is pure capitalism. It is hands off let the market do its job. Government doesn't interfere with economy
• US has a mixed economy. The U.S economic system is highly regulated and is far from an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Market forces should determine both products and prices.
• Laissez-faire capitalism is pure capitalism. It is hands off let the market do its job. Government doesn't interfere with economy
• US has a mixed economy. The U.S economic system is highly regulated and is far from an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Market forces should determine both products and prices.
• Three essential features- public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive.
• The government owns the means of poroudction- not only the factories but also the land, railroads, oil wells, and gold mines. Designed to eliminate competition for goods are sold at predetermined prices regardless of the demand for an item or the cost of producing it. The goal is not to make a profit, nor is it ot enourage the consumption of goods that are in low demand (by lowering the price) or to limit the consumption of hard-to-get goods (by raising price). The goal is to produce goods for the general welfare and to distribute them according to peoples needs, not their ability to pay.
• Everyone in the economic chain works for the government.
• Socialism does not exist in a pure form. Socialist countries found it necessary to pay higher salaries for some jobs in order to entice people to take on greater responsibilities. Greater equality of income.
• View capitalism as exploitation
• Criticism: does not respect individuals rights and cannot produce wealth
• The government owns the means of poroudction- not only the factories but also the land, railroads, oil wells, and gold mines. Designed to eliminate competition for goods are sold at predetermined prices regardless of the demand for an item or the cost of producing it. The goal is not to make a profit, nor is it ot enourage the consumption of goods that are in low demand (by lowering the price) or to limit the consumption of hard-to-get goods (by raising price). The goal is to produce goods for the general welfare and to distribute them according to peoples needs, not their ability to pay.
• Everyone in the economic chain works for the government.
• Socialism does not exist in a pure form. Socialist countries found it necessary to pay higher salaries for some jobs in order to entice people to take on greater responsibilities. Greater equality of income.
• View capitalism as exploitation
• Criticism: does not respect individuals rights and cannot produce wealth
• Ideologies
o Capitalists believe that market forces should determine both products and prices, and that profits are good for humanity. The potential to make money stimulates people to produce and distribute goods, as well as to develop new products. Society benefits, as the result is a more abundant supply of goods at cheaper prices
o Sociologists consider profits to be immoral. An items value is based on the work that put into it, said karl marx. The only way there can be profit is by paying workers less than the value of their labor. Profit is the excess value that has been withheld from workers. Socialists believe that the government should protect workers from this exploitation. And to do this, the government should own the means of production, using them not to generate profit but to produce items that match peoples needs not their ability to pay.
o Each perceives the other system as one of exploitation. Capitalists believe that socialists violate peoples basic right to make their own decision and to purse opportunity's socialists believe that capitalists violate peoples basic right to be free from poverty. The cold war, the west armed itself to defend and promote capitalism, and the east to defend and promote socialism.
• Criticims
o Primary criticism against capitalism is that it leads to social inequality. Produces a tiny top layer of wealthy people who exploit an immense bottom layer of poorly paid workers.
o Another criticism is that the tiny top layer wields vast political power. Those few who won the means of production reap huge profits, accrue power, and get legislation passed that goes against the public good.
o The first criticms leveled against socialism is that it does not respect individual rights. Others control people's lives. They decide where people will live, work and go tot school.
o Second point-the central planning Is grossly inefficient and that socialism is not capable of producing much wealth. Its greater equality really amounts to giving almost everyone an equal change to be poor.
• Convergence
o Urbanize, encourage higher education, and produce similar divisons of labor.
o Convergence theory- capitalism and socialism grow together
o Capitalists believe that market forces should determine both products and prices, and that profits are good for humanity. The potential to make money stimulates people to produce and distribute goods, as well as to develop new products. Society benefits, as the result is a more abundant supply of goods at cheaper prices
o Sociologists consider profits to be immoral. An items value is based on the work that put into it, said karl marx. The only way there can be profit is by paying workers less than the value of their labor. Profit is the excess value that has been withheld from workers. Socialists believe that the government should protect workers from this exploitation. And to do this, the government should own the means of production, using them not to generate profit but to produce items that match peoples needs not their ability to pay.
o Each perceives the other system as one of exploitation. Capitalists believe that socialists violate peoples basic right to make their own decision and to purse opportunity's socialists believe that capitalists violate peoples basic right to be free from poverty. The cold war, the west armed itself to defend and promote capitalism, and the east to defend and promote socialism.
• Criticims
o Primary criticism against capitalism is that it leads to social inequality. Produces a tiny top layer of wealthy people who exploit an immense bottom layer of poorly paid workers.
o Another criticism is that the tiny top layer wields vast political power. Those few who won the means of production reap huge profits, accrue power, and get legislation passed that goes against the public good.
o The first criticms leveled against socialism is that it does not respect individual rights. Others control people's lives. They decide where people will live, work and go tot school.
o Second point-the central planning Is grossly inefficient and that socialism is not capable of producing much wealth. Its greater equality really amounts to giving almost everyone an equal change to be poor.
• Convergence
o Urbanize, encourage higher education, and produce similar divisons of labor.
o Convergence theory- capitalism and socialism grow together
Traditional Authority: Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns.
Charismatic Authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
Rational-Legal Authority: Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.
Charismatic Authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
Rational-Legal Authority: Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.
Monarchy: a form of government with a monarch at the head.
Democracy:A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Dictatorship: government by a dictator.
Oligarchy:a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Democracy:A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Dictatorship: government by a dictator.
Oligarchy:a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
1. Republicans believe we can win in Iraq and should be there to keep our country safe. Democrats believe we should be in Afghanistan to keep us safe, and that we should not be in Iraq.
2. Republicans are for deregulation and tax cuts for businesses and the rich, because they think that allows companies to succeed, leading to more jobs, which means the wealth trickles down to the middle and working classes. Democrats think that corporate greed impedes the trickle-down process from happening, so they are for less tax cuts for the rich, and more tax cuts for the middle class, working class, and poor.
3. Republicans think we should drill in our country for oil, to relieve our dependance on foreign oil. Democrats dont see that as a sustainable solution, and think we should invest in wind, solar, natural gas, hybrids instead.
4. Republicans have more conservative views about social issues, and these issues tend to align with their religious views. They don't believe a woman should have the right to get an abortion. They also don't believe gay people should be allowed marital rights. Democrats do.
5. Republicans don't think we should spend as much for government programs such as welfare, healthcare, education. They think those programs are costly to the people who work and pay taxes, and make us a "nanny state". They think Americans should generally take responsibility for themselves rather than relying on government. Democrats believe that government should be a tool to improve communities, and people's way of life. They also think that the "personal responsibility" theory doesn't work because greed gets in the way. Government intervention is what allows the have-nots to get the boost they need to succeed on their own.
2. Republicans are for deregulation and tax cuts for businesses and the rich, because they think that allows companies to succeed, leading to more jobs, which means the wealth trickles down to the middle and working classes. Democrats think that corporate greed impedes the trickle-down process from happening, so they are for less tax cuts for the rich, and more tax cuts for the middle class, working class, and poor.
3. Republicans think we should drill in our country for oil, to relieve our dependance on foreign oil. Democrats dont see that as a sustainable solution, and think we should invest in wind, solar, natural gas, hybrids instead.
4. Republicans have more conservative views about social issues, and these issues tend to align with their religious views. They don't believe a woman should have the right to get an abortion. They also don't believe gay people should be allowed marital rights. Democrats do.
5. Republicans don't think we should spend as much for government programs such as welfare, healthcare, education. They think those programs are costly to the people who work and pay taxes, and make us a "nanny state". They think Americans should generally take responsibility for themselves rather than relying on government. Democrats believe that government should be a tool to improve communities, and people's way of life. They also think that the "personal responsibility" theory doesn't work because greed gets in the way. Government intervention is what allows the have-nots to get the boost they need to succeed on their own.
