chapter 10 to 13 quizz

 gender 

the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity

Patriarchy

men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group; authority is vested in men

Feminism

philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this principle.

Glass Ceiling

the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

Sexual Harassment

the abuse of ones position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone

Graying Of America

the growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population

Traditional/Legal Rational Authority

Traditional Authority- authority based on custom.
Legal Rational Authority-

Representative Democracy

a form of democracy in which voter elect representatives to meet together to discuss issues and make decisions on their behalf

Citizenship

the concept that birth (and residence or naturalization) in a country imparts basic rights

Oligarchy

a form of government in which a small group of individuals holds power; the rule of the many by the few

Voter Apathy

indifference and inaction on the part of individuals or groups with respect to the political process

Lobbyists

people who influence legislation on behalf of their clients

Nuclear/Extended Family

Nuclear Family- a family consisting on of a husband, wife, and children.
Extended Family- a family in which relatives, such as the "older generations" or unmarried aunts and uncles, live with the parents and the children.

Family of Orientation/ Procreation

Family Of Orientation- The family in which a person grows up.
Family of Procreation- The family formed when a couples first child is born.

Cohabitation

unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship

Egalitarian

authority more or less equally divided between people or groups (in heterosexual marriage, for example, between husband and wife)

Exogamy

the practice of marrying outside of ones group

Blended Families

a family whose members were once part of other families.

Cult/Religion

Cult-- A new religion with new followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion
Religion-- According to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community

Credential Societies

The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work

Gate Keeping

The process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the Social Placement function of education

Social Integration

The degree to which members of a group or a society are untied by shared values and other social bonds; also known as Social Cohesion

Honor Killings

Another form of violence against women. Vicinity at marriage is so prized in some societies that even a women who has been raped is in danger of becoming victim to Honor Killing. HONOR KILLING- killing the girl or woman-- even ones own sister or mother-- removes the "stain" she has brought to the family and restores its honor in the community.

Hunting and Gathering Societies

a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival

Sex

biological characteristics that distinguish females and males; consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics

Child Penalty

women missing out on work experience and opportunities while they care for children

Socially Constructed Age

A concept or practice that is the construct (or artifact) of a particular group, meaning that the concept or practice is understood differently by various groups and institutions.

Age is socially constructed because notions of age vary around the world.
Different cultures fix age with different meanings and different values.
Eastern cultures tend to highly value age and wisdom, while Western cultures tend to highly value youth.
In Western societies, people take pains to appear younger than their biological age. These measures follow Erving Goffman's ideas of self-presentation in that people are trying to get others in society to perceive them as young.

Ageism

prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age; can be directed toward any age group, including youth

Life Span

the maximum length of life of a species; for humans, the longest that a human has lived

Expectancy

...

Industrialization on Life Expectancy

Industrialized nations are those that meet certain measures of economic growth and security, while non-industrialized nations are those that do not meet those measures.
Industrialization increases life expectancy by creating better conditions, better government social supports, and better access to healthcare.
There is currently a disparity in life expectancy between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations.

3 Forms of Authority

3 Forms of Authority (Marx Weber) Traditional, Rational-legal, and Charismatic.
1. Traditional Authority- which is based on custom, is the hallmark of tribal groups. Custom dictates basic relationships. Declines with industrialization but never dies out.
2. Rational-Legal Authority- based not on custom but on written rules. Rational means reasonable, and legal means part of the law.
3. Charismatic Authority- People are drawn to charismatic people because they believe an individual has been touched by God or has been endowed by nature with exceptional qualities.

Disengagement Theory

Disengagement theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society and personal relationships as they age.
Disengagement theory was the first theory of aging developed by social scientists.
The theory was developed by Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henry in their 1961 book "Growing Old. " Subsequently, the theory has been largely debunked.

Direct/ Representative Democracy

Direct Democracy- a form of democracy in which the eligible voters meet together to discuss issues and make their decisions.
Representative Democracy- a form of democracy in which voters elect representatives to meet together to discuss issues and make decisions on their behalf

Oligarchy

A form of government in which a small group of individuals holds power; the rule of the many by the few

Totalitarianism

A form of government that exerts almost total control over people

Democratic/Representative Stand For

...

General Election/Primary

...

Lobbyists

people who influence legislation on behalf of their clients

Checks and Balance

The separation of powers among three branches of U.S government --legislative,executive, and judicial-- so that each is able to nullify the actions of the other two, thus preventing any single branch from dominating the government

Protestant Ethic

Webster Term to describe the ideal of a self denying, highly moral life accompanied by thirst and hard work

Global Village

global village definition. A phrase coined by Marshall McLuhan to describe the world that has been "shrunk" by modern advances in communications. McLuhan likened the vast network of communications systems to one extended central nervous system, ultimately linking everyone in the world.

Socialism

an economic system built around the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive

Capitalism

an economic system built around the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition

Family

two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Household

people who occupy the same housing unit

Family of Procreation

the family formed when a couples first child is born

Endogamy

the practice of marrying within ones own group

Role Confusion

...

Empty Nest

Empty nest: when children leave home immediately after high school graduation

Not-so-empty nest: children staying home during college or return home after failing to live on their own

11.1.2: Traditional Authority

 11.1.2: Traditional Authority 

Throughout history, the most common basis for authority has been tradition. Traditional authority, which is based on custom, is the hallmark of preindustrial societies. In these societies, custom dictates basic relationships. For example, birth into a particular family makes an individual the chief, king, or queen. As far as members of that society are concerned, this is the right way to determine who rules because “We’ve always done it this way.”

For centuries, widows in the Mediterranean countries, such as this widow in Italy, were expected to dress in black and to mourn for their husbands the rest of their lives. Widows conformed to this expression of lifetime sorrow not because of law, but because of custom. As industrialization erodes(gradually destroyed) traditional authority, fewer widows follow this practice. Credit: Terry Harris/Alamy Stock Photo

Although traditional authority declines with industrialization, it never dies out. Even though we live in a postindustrial society, parents continue to exercise authority over their children because parents always have had such authority. From generations past, we inherit the idea that parents should discipline their children, choose their doctors and schools, and teach them religion and morality.

inumerable

 in·nu·mer·a·ble (https://sociologyclass1.blogspot.com/2022/12/inumerable.html)

/iˈn(y)o͞om(ə)rəb(ə)l/

Learn to pronounce

adjective

1. too many to be counted (often used hyperbolically).

   "innumerable flags of all colors"

11.1.1: Authority and Legitimate Violence

 11.1.1: Authority and Legitimate Violence

As sociologist Peter Berger observed, it makes little difference whether you willingly pay the fine that the judge levies against you or refuse to pay it. The court will get its money one way or another. 

There may be innumerable steps before its application [of violence], in the way of warnings and reprimands. But if all the warnings are disregarded, even in so slight a matter as paying a traffic ticket, the last thing that will happen is that a couple of cops show up at the door with handcuffs and a Black Maria [paddy wagon]. Even the moderately courteous cop who hands out the initial traffic ticket is likely to wear a gun—just in case. (Berger 1963) The government, then, also called the state, claims a monopoly on legitimate force or violence. This point, made by Weber (1946, 1922/1978)—that the state claims both the exclusive right to use violence and the right to punish everyone else who uses violence—is crucial to our understanding of politics. If someone owes you $100, you cannot take the money by force, much less imprison that person. 

The state, in contrast, can. 

You cannot kill someone because he or she has done something that you consider absolutely horrible—but the state can. As Berger (1963) summarized this matter, “Violence is the ultimate foundation of any political order.”

What does be reprimanded mean?

verb. reprimanded; reprimanding; reprimands. transitive verb. : to reprove sharply or censure formally usually from a position of authority.Nov 21, 2022

11.1 Contrast power, authority, and violence; compare traditional, rational–legal, and charismatic authority.

 Politics: Establishing and Exercising Leadership

 Although seldom as dramatic as the interrogations of Winston and Julia, politics is always about power and authority. 

Let’s explore this topic that is so significant for our lives.

 Power, Authority, and Violence 

11.1 Contrast power, authority, and violence; compare traditional, rational–legal, and charismatic authority. 

To exist, every society must have a system of leadership. 

Some people must have power over others. 

As Weber (1913/1947) pointed out, we perceive power as either legitimate or illegitimate. 

Legitimate power is called authority. This is power that people accept as right. In contrast, illegitimate power—called coercion—is power that people do not accept as just. Imagine that you are on your way to buy the just-released iPhone 10 that is on sale for $250. As you approach the store, a man jumps out of an alley and shoves a gun in your face. 

He demands your money. Frightened for your life, you hand over your $250.

 After filing a police report, you head back to college to take a sociology exam. You are running late, so you step on the gas. As you hit 85, you see flashing blue and red lights in your rearview mirror. Your explanation about the robbery doesn’t faze the officer—or the judge who hears your case a few weeks later. 

She first lectures you on safety and then orders you to pay $50 in court costs plus $10 for every mile over 65. 

You pay the $250. The mugger, the police officer, and the judge—all have power, and, in each case you part with $250. 

What, then, is the difference? 

The difference is that the mugger has no authority. His power is illegitimate; he has no right to do what he did. In contrast, you acknowledge that the officer has the right to stop you and that the judge has the right to fine you. They have authority, or legitimate power. Hearing from the Author: Legitimate and Illegitimate Power

The ultimate foundation of any political order is violence, no more starkly demonstrated than when a government takes a human life. This iconic photo from the war in Vietnam shows the chief of the national police shooting a suspected Viet Cong officer. 

Credit: Eddie Adams/AP Images But just why do people accept power as legitimate? 

Weber (1922/1978) identified three sources of authority: traditional, rational–legal, and charismatic. Let’s examine each.

we perceive power as either legitimate or illegitimate

 Max Weber (1913/1947)

-we perceive power as either legitimate or illegitimate