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social stratification

a universal way of ranking large groups of people into a hierarchy according to their relative privileges (property, power, and prestige); does not refer to individuals

Systems of social stratification

Slavery
Caste
Estate
Class
Global Stratification and the Status of Females
The Global Superclass

Slavery and its three main origins/factors

Essential characteristic: some individuals own other people
•Common throughout history
•Slavery was most widespread in agricultural societies and least common among nomads, especially hunters and gatherers.
CAUSES: Debt, crime, war

indentured service

A gray area between slavery and contract labor; a contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is entered into "voluntarily"
•Aka: bonded labor
•Women were very common indentured servants

caste

In sociological terms, a caste system is built on ascribed status (birth determines status)
India's caste system is not on race but on religion; Brahman is the highest and Dalit is the lowest caste
apartheid: the separation of the races

estate

Three groups Europeans divided people into:
1. nobility: the wealthy families who ruled the country.
2. clergy: owned vast amounts of land and collected taxes from everyone who lived within the boundaries of a parish
3. commoners (serfs): they belonged to the land.
People were born into one of these groups and died within it, too.

class

•based primarily on money or material possessions, which can be acquired
•allows social mobility, movement up or down the class ladder.

Ideology

A system of beliefs that justifies a particular social arrangement

Endogamy

marriage within their own group, prohibiting the marriage of members of different castes.

Contrasting views on social class (Marx)

Marx believes there are two social classes: bourgeoisie (capitalists), those who own the means of production, and the proletariat (workers), those who work for the owners
•concluded that social class depends on a single factor: people's relationship to the means of production—the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth.